The World of Andrei Sakharov.

A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom

 

by Gennady Gorelik with Antonina W. Bouis,      Oxford University Press,  2005

Index

 

ABM, Sakharov’s letter to Politburo on ABM (1967), ix, 264–270, 273, 275, 288, 289, 295, 389

academicians’ letters denouncing Sakharov, 335, 337, 393

Adamovich, Ales, 350

Adamsky, Viktor, viii, 202, 215, 224, 230, 380, 384–386

Afanasyev, Yuri, 354

Agrest, Mates, viii, 155–158, 205, 334, 356, 380

Akhmatova, Anna, xiv, 101, 223, 224, 256, 304, 388, 391

Aleksandrov, Aleksandr, 195, 196, 383

Alikhanov, Abram, 83, 92, 197, 325

Alpert, Yakov, viii, 100, 375, 378

Altshuler, Boris, viii, 312, 386, 389, 390, 391, 394, 395, 397

Altshuler, Lev, viii, 334, 380

Anderson, Raymond, 390

Andronov, Aleksandr, 42, 50, 124, 383

Andropov, Yuri, 3, 280, 287, 288

antiballistic missile. See ABM

anti-Semitism and philo-Semitism, 109, 115–118, 156, 192, 196, 204, 248, 383

Artsimovich, Lev, 181, 197, 271, 364

atomic bomb, 74, 75, 81, 82, 87, 98, 100, 105, 109, 112, 113, 125, 127, 130, 133–136, 149, 150, 171, 350, 362, 363, 379

Babenysheva, Sarra, viii, ix, 392

Bagritsky, Vsevolod, 326, 392

baryon asymmetry of universe, 244, 248, 249, 252, 254–258, 346, 364, 387

Belenky, Semyon, 133, 135, 139, 154

Bell, Leon, viii, ix, 102, 103, 224, 372, 373, 375, 382

Beria, Lavrenty, x, 78, 82–84, 91, 103–112, 121, 125, 126, 131, 133, 135, 139, 149, 153, 159, 160, 162, 168, 169, 177, 180–184, 192, 194, 196, 197, 201, 221, 288, 349, 362, 363, 375, 376, 383

Bethe, Hans, 134, 181, 182, 185–187, 269, 289, 290, 294, 309, 378, 381, 382, 388, 389

Bogolyubov, Nikolai, 155, 156, 158, 169

Bohr, Niels, 32–34, 43, 44, 89, 90, 105, 106, 111, 113, 159, 220, 241, 281, 302, 305, 346, 375, 376

Bolotovsky, Boris, viii, ix, 379, 392

Bonner, Elena (Lusya), viii–x, xvii, 54–56, 68, 69, 269, 324–333, 339, 343, 347, 348, 352–355, 365–369, 382, 386, 389, 392–395, 397, photo gallery

Bonner, Ruf, 325, 354

Bouis, Antonina W., viii, xvii, xviii, 353, 393, 395, 397

“Bravo” (the U.S. 1954 thermonuclear test), 175, 179, 187, 221, 363

Brezhnev, Leonid, 262, 266, 271, 283, 288, 289, 301, 318, 322, 365, 394

Bronstein, Matvei, xiv, xvii, 33, 65, 239, 241, 386

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 202, 230, 379, 384

C-, P-, T-symmetries, 226, 251–254, 372, 387

capitalism and socialism, 242, 280, 290, 315

Central Committee [of the Communist Party], 29, 50, 58, 78, 83, 84, 101, 118, 124, 135, 143, 162, 190, 191, 196, 197, 198, 219, 231, 252, 262, 264, 266, 270, 272, 273, 275, 280, 287, 288, 295, 301, 308, 312, 317, 319, 320, 337, 339, 352, 364, 365, 377, 385, 388, 392

Chelyabinsk-70 (the second nuclear weapons center), 228

Chernobyl, 281, 350

Chukovskaya, Elena, ix, 391, 394

Chukovskaya, Lydia, ix, xiv, xv, 65, 223, 224, 247, 304, 305, 311, 336, 338–340, 347, 366, 368, 372, 385, 391, 393, 394, photo gallery

Chukovsky, Kornei, xiv, 10, 369

clean bomb, 212, 213, 229, 364, 384

communism, communist, 20, 22, 24, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 62, 74, 75, 81, 84, 108, 110, 112, 116, 118, 143, 150–152, 162, 199, 201, 202, 204, 210, 212, 214, 220, 221, 272, 279, 282, 295, 299, 301, 307, 325, 352, 353, 354, 374

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). See The Party

Compton, Arthur H., 210, 211, 384

Constitutional Democratic party (People’s Freedom Party), 20, 21, 27, 78, 116

controlled thermonuclear reaction, 161, 192, 262, 363

convergence, 277–279, 287, 294, 295, 298, 309

cosmic background (relict) radiation, 239, 242, 244, 248

cosmology, xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii, 47, 56, 65, 88, 91, 188, 189, 236–260, 283, 285, 290, 306, 307, 312, 355, 358, 364, 387, 388

cosmomicrophysics, 256

cosmopolitanism, 10, 43, 45, 114, 115, 117, 118, 121, 124, 125, 130, 156, 158, 202

CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Dale, Henry, 75, 144, 374, 379

Dalitz, Richard, 93, 374

Davidenko, Viktor, 174, 376

Dirac, Paul, 246, 247

dissidents, 255, 270–272, 319, 322, 353, 364, 383

Dmitriev, Nikolai, 177, 234, 334, 380, 384

Domukhovskaya, Maria (grandmother of Andrei Sakharov), 21, 361, photo gallery

Dorman, Irina, viii

Drell, Syndey, 390, 393, 397

Dubinin, Nikolai, 231

Dyson, Freeman, 236

Einstein, Albert, 7, 30, 38, 42–44, 47, 52, 80, 92, 128, 141, 142, 220, 238, 246, 256, 257, 259, 281, 305, 312, 347, 355, 357, 359, 368, 379, 387, 390, 395, 397

Eisenhower, Dwight, 213, 220, 228, 229, 230, 384, 386

Engelgardt, Vladimir, 232

Esenin-Volpin, Aleksandr, viii, 271, 389

espionage, 31, 45, 112, 124, 133, 139, 181, 182, 184, 222, 299

ether, 51, 52, 232, 307, 371

Feinberg, Evgeny, viii, 45, 91, 207, 249, 296, 297, 316, 371, 372, 374, 375, 377–379, 383, 384, 386, 387, 390, 392, 397

Feoktistov, Lev, viii, 185, 187, 316, 380, 381, 385, 386, 392

Fermi, Enrico, 136, 198, 236, 383

Feschbach, Herman, 342

FIAN (Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences), x, xiii, 19, 31, 33, 35, 36, 53, 58–60, 63–65, 73, 79, 85–87, 90–92, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101–103, 125, 127, 129–136, 139, 140, 142–145, 149, 152–155, 168, 171, 178, 183, 192, 195, 197, 201, 205, 234, 240, 256, 257, 296, 312, 315–317, 334, 336, 342, 343, 361, 362, 365, 367, 378, 383, 387, 392, photo gallery

First Idea, Sakharization (1948), 135, 137, 141, 172, 173

fission, 86, 128, 129, 131, 132, 134, 171, 176, 213

Fitzpatrick, Anne C., ix, 381, 382

Flerov, Georgi, 100, 197

Fock, Vladimir, 91, 133, 196–198, 237, 363, 383, 386, 397

Fradkin, Efim, viii, 135, 154, 379

Frank, Ilya, 45, 64, 131, 393

Frank-Kamenetsky, David, 155, 156, 236, 237, 243, 358, 379, 386, photo gallery

Frank-Kamenetsky, Maxim, viii, 379

Frenkel, Viktor, 370, 378

Frenkel, Yakov, 86, 124, 134, 378

Friedmann, Aleksandr, 47, 237, 238, 371

Fuchs, Klaus, 111, 112, 133, 134, 139, 181–187, 210, 211, 362, 376, 381, 382, 384

fusion, 128, 129, 132–134, 137, 138, 161, 171, 173, 187, 191, 212, 259, 295

Galbraith, John, 277, 389

Gamow, George, 31–36, 47, 49, 51–53, 178, 239, 361, 370, 371

Garwin, Richard, 269, 294

Gavrilov, Viktor, 208, 218

genetics, 97, 109, 123, 193, 201, 231, 267

Gessen, Boris, 46–53, 58–63, 69, 79, 120, 124, 361, 371, 372

Ginzburg, Vitaly, viii, ix, 91, 102, 122, 125, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141–145, 154, 164, 168, 180, 183, 190, 233, 234, 262, 336–338, 373, 377–383, 386, 393, 397, photo gallery

glasnost, xv, 83, 179, 272, 351, 354

Goldenveizer, Aleksandr and Anna (nee Sofiano), 21–24, 370

Goncharov, German, viii, ix, 180, 183, 186, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382

Gorbachev, Mikhail, xv, 344, 351–353, 355, 367

Gorelik, Gennady, viii, 370–373, 377, 378, 383, 384, 386–388, 393, 395, 397

GPU. See KGB

Graham, Loren, ix, 46, 371

gravity, 9, 47, 52, 65, 86, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 244, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 285, 312, 365, 388

Grigorenko, Pyotr, 321, 365

Gulag, 64, 108, 111, 149, 154, 161, 203, 223, 296, 301, 304, 325, 345, 366

The Gulag Archipelago (by A. Solzhenitsyn), 149, 300, 301, 304, 306, 307, 309, 366

Hall, Theodore (Mlad), 24, 112, 179, 182, 183

Hansen, Chuck, 381, 382

Henri, Ernst, 263, 264, 268, 270, 271, 275

Herken, Gregg, 381

Hessen, Boris. See Gessen, Boris

Hiebert, Erwin, 210, 384

Hiroshima, 82, 87, 99, 100, 104, 113, 127, 129, 167, 170, 175, 179, 182, 194, 362, 384

Hitler, xvi, xvii, 58, 67, 68, 78, 84, 112, 118, 144, 212, 321

Hoenikker, Dr. Felix (character in Kurt Vonnegut’s Cat’s Cradle), 226

Holloway, David, ix, 373, 375, 376, 379, 385, 388, 397

Hubble, Edwin, 238, 239

human rights, vii–ix, xiv, xvii, 55, 65, 189, 218, 279, 283, 289, 291, 304, 307, 309, 310, 321–323, 327, 332, 333, 340–342, 347, 352, 354–358, 359, 365–367, 393

hunger strike, 55, 269, 291, 332, 333, 340, 344, 346, 347, 366, 367, 394, photo gallery

hydrogen (thermonuclear) bomb, vii, xvi, xvii, 4, 9, 10, 61, 102, 114, 125, 127– 129, 131, 133–139, 142, 150, 153, 155, 159, 160, 162, 166–171, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186– 188, 190, 194, 199, 203, 208, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 220, 225, 227, 230, 239, 240–242, 255, 259, 273, 287, 293, 312, 319, 344, 348, 349, 350, 362, 363, 364, 380, 382

Installation (aka Ob’ekt, Arzamas-16, Sarov), viii, x, 149–158, 161, 162,  165, 168, 173, 175, 178–180, 187– 189, 198–209, 213, 219, 224, 225, 228, 230, 233, 234, 236, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 270, 276, 285, 287, 312, 313, 316, 317, 319, 328, 356, 363, 365, 379, 381, photo gallery

intelligentsia, vii, 3, 10–14, 20–26, 28, 56, 79, 94, 113, 116–118, 207, 219, 220, 264, 267–272, 293, 294, 297, 303, 313, 318, 319, 334, 335, 337, 346, 353, 361, 369, 389

Internet, 343

Ioffe, Abram, 26, 34, 35, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 109, 124, 131, 373, 376, 381

Ioffe, Boris, 254, 381

Ivanenko, Dmitri, 122, 124

Janouch, Frantisek, 345

Jews, 10, 48, 66, 109, 114, 116–119, 124, 156–158, 190, 192, 196, 206, 207, 325, 328, 330, 336, 341, 348, 376, 377, 378, 382

Johnson, Lyndon, 264, 267, 295

Kantorovich, Leonid, 155, 337

Kapitsa, Anna, 108, 145, 375–377, 379, 394

Kapitsa, Pyotr, 34, 105–108, 111, 117, 120, 124, 134, 145, 159, 206, 271, 287, 288, 315, 321, 335, 337, 340, 344, 364, 370, 375–377, 379, 382, 384, 389, 392–394, 397

Kartsev, Vladimir, viii, 284, 285, 369, 390

Keldysh, Mstislav, 160, 169, 319, 337, 388

KGB (aka Cheka, GPU, OGPU, NKVD), xiv–xvii, 3, 31, 58, 59, 63, 64, 66, 68, 78, 82, 84, 96–98, 104, 105, 108, 110, 121, 152, 154, 159, 160, 173, 190, 191, 195, 200, 201, 234, 236, 252, 262, 270–272, 280, 287, 288, 320, 322, 327, 328, 332, 339, 344, 348, 352–354, 365, 368, 372, 382, 392

Khaikin, Semyon, 42, 120

Khalatnikov, Isaak, viii, 380, 382

Khariton, Yuli, 125, 133, 139, 150, 153, 166, 168, 169, 184, 205, 209, 228, 241, 262, 266, 287, 322, 337, 380, 386

Khlopin, Vitaly, 82, 83, 373, 376

Khrushchev, Nikita, 110, 193, 216, 219–224, 226–231, 262, 267, 269, 270, 271, 344, 345, 364, 385, 386, 388, 394

Kirillin, Vladimir, 262, 323

Kirzhnits, David, viii, 205, 374, 383, 384, 388

Klava. See Vikhireva, Klavdia

Kline, Edward, viii, 397

Kobzarev, Igor, 254

Kogan, Vladimir, ix, 380

Kolakowski, Leszek, 358, 395

Korolenko, Vladimir, 3, 13, 23, 24, 339, 369

Kosygin, Aleksei, 262, 266, 283, 288, 295

Koval, Bela, viii

Kovalev, Sergei, 321, 327, 393

Krylov, Aleksei, 33, 53, 79, 80, 118, 119, 374, 376, 377, 388

Kurchatov, Igor, 81–83, 95, 98, 99, 101, 105, 108–111, 125, 131, 133–135, 150, 153, 163, 166, 167, 169, 177, 179, 181, 182, 192, 195–198, 205, 206, 209, 213, 214, 221, 222, 231, 241, 261, 262, 285, 295, 316, 362, 373, 375, 376, 386, photo gallery

Landau, Lev, xvi, xvii, 33–35, 63, 91, 101, 106, 108, 110, 111, 124, 134, 155, 158–160, 166, 170, 178, 190–194, 196, 197, 201, 212, 213, 233, 239, 251, 252, 254, 290, 372, 376, 380, 382–384, 387, photo gallery

Landsberg, Grigory, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 59, 60, 63, 93, 120, 121, 370, 374, 383

Lavrentiev, Mikhail, 227

Lavrentiev, Oleg, 161, 162, 163, 164, 380

Lazarev, Pyotr, 28, 29, 31, 361

Lebedev, Pyotr, x, 3–12, 14, 23, 25, 27–31, 39, 41, 45, 58, 120, 128, 176, 335, 361, 362, 369, 370

Lenin, Vladimir, 14, 24, 25, 29, 46, 47, 53, 55, 58, 68, 75, 94, 114, 160, 252, 276, 279, 280, 283, 285, 289, 295, 297, 298, 307, 317, 364, 370, 378, 382, 390

Leontovich, Mikhail, 42, 101–103, 120, 191–198, 271, 328, 334, 364, 383, 397

Levin, Mikhail, viii, 55, 56, 372, 392, 393, 394

Lifshits, Evgeny, photo gallery

Literaturnaya Gazeta, 121, 122, 264, 268, 270, 273, 274, 294, 319, 338

Lobachevsky, Nikolai, 19, 26, 306

Los Alamos, ix, 106, 112, 133, 149, 178, 179, 181, 184, 186, 187

Los Arzamas. See Installation

Lourie, Richard, viii, 382, 394, 397

Lozovskaya, Klara, ix

Lusya. See Bonner, Elena

Lysenko, Trofim, 75, 97, 100, 122, 123, 142, 144, 192, 193, 195, 201, 221, 231, 232, 267, 321, 334, 344, 345, 362, 364, 377

Lysenkoism, 231, 232, 270, 321, 336

Lysenkoization of Soviet physics, 109, 122, 125, 195, 198

Magnetic thermonuclear reactor (MTR), 163, 164, 168

Maksimov, Aleksandr, 49, 50, 51, 195–198, 371, 383

Malenkov, Georgy, 167, 196, 220, 221

Malyshev, Fyodor (KGB general at FIAN), 201

Malyshev, Vyacheslav (the first Minister of MedMash), 169, 177–179, 181, 209, 221

Mandelshtam, Leonid, x, 36–39, 41–47, 49–51, 53, 59, 65, 69, 73, 74, 79–81, 92, 93, 100, 103, 117, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 193, 195, 196, 197, 204, 334, 361, 370, 371, 373, 374, 378, 397, photo gallery

Marxism, 20, 25, 29, 47–49, 51, 53, 62, 68, 79, 94, 158, 198, 202, 276, 278–280, 282, 283, 294, 295, 301, 376, 377

Marxism-Leninism, 198, 276, 279, 295, 306, 307

McCarthy, Joseph, 211, 349

McMillan, Priscilla, viii

McNamara, Robert S., 264, 266, 267, 269

MedMash (Ministry of Medium Machine Building), 168, 169, 177, 197, 227, 273, 291, 312, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320

Medvedev, Roy, 278, 280, 319–321, 389, 392

Medvedev, Zhores, 321, 365

Mendeleyev, Dmitri, 19, 26, 88, 89, 128, 144

Meshcheryakov, Mikhail, viii, 82, 83, 197, 373, 376, 384

microphysics, 91, 193, 239, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 258, 346

Migdal, Arkady, 95

“Mike” (the U.S. 1952 thermonuclear test), 169, 170, 175, 187, 220, 363

Mikhoels, Solomon, 114, 117, 119, 376

Ministry of Medium Machine Building. See MedMash

Mises, Richard von, 41, 45, 80, 370, 371, 373

missile, 169, 228, 261, 264, 265, 270, 273, 275, 276, 278, 289, 290, 295, 364, 389

moratorium on nuclear testing (1958–1961), 219, 221, 222, 223, 225, 264, 266, 267, 288, 289, 295

Moscow Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963), 229

Moscow University, 3, 8–10, 14, 15, 27–30, 35–39, 41, 42, 47–50, 53, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 70, 105, 119–121, 123–125, 143, 195, 197, 198, 335, 361, 362, 370, 371, 387

muon catalysis, 240, 362

mutual assured destruction (MAD), 242, 264

Nedelin, Mitrofan, 260, 261, 269, 356, 364

New York Times, 270, 293, 295, 386, 390, 394

NKVD. See KGB

Nobel Peace Prize, vii, 212, 327, 337, 366, 393

Nobel Prize, xvi, 7, 41, 42, 44, 45, 58, 64, 90, 92, 107, 131, 154, 158, 181, 190, 193, 212, 217, 237, 239, 277, 283, 289, 303, 337, 366, 386

nomenklatura, 223, 276, 312, 321

noosphere (Vernadsky’s concept of), 76–78, 82, 84

Novikov, Igor, 386, 387

nuclear age, 73, 77, 105, 109, 221, 281, 283

Nuzhdin, Nikolai, 231, 232, 346, 388

Okubo, Susumu, 250, 252, 254, 255, 387, 388

Okudzhava, Bulat, 326

Okun, Lev, viii, ix, 254, 387

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 236, 254, 348–350, 378, 382, 387, 395

and Teller, 348–350

Oppenheimer complex, 350

Papalexi, Nikolai, 43, 99, 100, 124, 374, 375

The Party, (Communist party), xv, 21, 22, 29, 49–52, 54, 56, 62, 78, 99, 101, 109, 115, 118, 121, 123, 125, 179, 193, 195, 197, 201, 207, 221–223, 262, 266, 271, 272, 298, 318, 320, 337, 344, 351, 368, 375, 392

Pauling, Linus Carl, 210, 212, 385

perestroika, xv, 344, 351–354

Petrenko, Maria, viii, 394

Petrovsky, Ivan, 197, 389

Podyapolsky, Grigory, 321, 322, 392

Pomeranchuk, Isaak, 91, 95, 155, 159, 235, 254

Predvoditelev, Aleksandr, 120, 121, 377

Pushkin, Aleksandr, 14, 54–58, 68–70, 95, 217, 270, 271, 314, 330, 364, 372

quantum gravity, 257, 386

quantum vacuum, 256, 257

radioactive fallout, 175, 179, 208–214, 228–230, 281

Reed, Thomas C., ix, 68, 180, 381

“Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom” (1968), 269, 270, 275, 287, 288, 293, 296, 319, 320, 365

religion, 21, 25, 68, 76, 77, 80, 81, 112, 156–158, 202, 212, 311, 332, 334, 341, 355–357, 373

Ritus, Vladimir, viii, 168, 173, 208, 243, 380, 384, 385, 391, 393

Romanov, Yuri, viii, 135, 154, 379, 380, 382

Rotter, Helmut, viii

Rubinin, Pavel, viii, 375, 376, 389, 392, 394

Rumer, Yuri, 63, 64, 90

Russell, Bertrand, 142, 379

Rutherford, Ernest, 88, 105, 106, 107, 130

Sagdeev, Roald, 393

Sakharov Prize for Civic Courage in a Writer (est. 1990), 326, 368

Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought (est. 1985 by the European Parliament), 367

Sakharov, Andrei
commitment to maintain secrecy, 269, 270
destiny (fate, sudba), 346
duplicate test of 1962 (“the most terrible lesson”), 227–229
exile in Gorky, viii, xv, 55, 165, 232, 235, 269, 283, 289, 291, 327, 330, 342, 343, 344, 353–355, 358, 367, photo gallery
“grand science,” 87, 234, 235, 244, 255, 285, 342
“illusory world to justify myself,” 110, 165, 227, 229, 299
isovector (“misty, beautiful image”), 234
letter to Politburo on ABM (1967), 263–270
Marshal Nedelin’s parable (1955), 260–261
Memoirs, 326, 327
Nobel Peace Prize, 327
Pushkin, 54–57
radioactive fallout (“moral and political conclusions from these numbers”), 213–219
religion, 356–358, photo gallery
“Science and Freedom” (the 1989 lecture in Lyons), 356–357
Stalin, 165, 299, 310
Tsar Bomb and supertorpedo, 224–227
“universal information system” (1974), 343

Sakharov, Dmitri (father of Andrei Sakharov), 19–22, 28, 67, 102, 233, photo gallery

Sakharov, Ivan (grandfather of Andrei Sakharov), 13, 20–22, photo gallery

Sakharova, Ekaterina (nee Sofiano, mother of Andrei Sakharov), 19–23, 67, 356, photo gallery

Salisbury, Harrison, 293, 294

samizdat, 271, 275, 278, 286, 287, 319–321, 323, 326, 330, 336, 365, 366, 392

Samoilov, David, 68, 326, 372

Sarov, viii, 149, 150, 152, 379, 382, 387

Savina, Galina, viii, 370

Schweitzer, Albert, 210, 212, 384

Scientific American, 255, 269, 289, 294, 388, 389

Second Idea, LiDochka (1948), 135, 138–143, 153, 154, 169, 172, 173, 184, 188

Shabad, Theodore, 390

Shapiro, Sofya, viii, ix, 371, 372, 377

Shikhanovich, Yekaterina, viii

Shubin, Semyon, 42, 65, 203, 384

Sinyavsky and Daniel case (1965), 271, 273

Slavsky, Yefim, 178, 228–230, 273, 388

Sloyka, 136–140, 142, 149, 150, 153–155, 160, 166–176, 178–181, 183, 184, 187–189, 201, 208, 210, 218, 220, 221, 226, 363

socialism, socialist xv, 9, 15, 20, 24, 31, 35, 39–41, 44, 47, 48, 61–63, 68, 74, 75, 79, 82, 104, 107, 108, 112, 114, 115, 118, 123, 149, 152, 157, 160, 165, 167, 170, 179, 182, 183, 188, 190, 192, 193, 201, 202, 204, 215, 219, 220, 227, 229, 242, 262, 268, 270, 272, 273, 276–282, 290, 294, 298, 300, 306–311, 313, 315, 318, 319, 325, 331, 334, 363, 365, 375, 380, 385, 387, 388

socialist realism, 44, 74, 82

Sofiano, Aleksei (grandfather of Andrei Sakharov), 21, photo gallery

Sokolov, Arseniy, 122

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, x, xiv, 68, 151,  223, 293, 296–298, 300–304, 306–  312, 318, 319, 322, 328, 334, 335,  337, 365, 366, 372, 385, 391, 393,  photo gallery

Special (Atomic) Committee, 104, 105, 153, 362

Sputnik, vii, 217, 221, 242

Stalin, Stalinism, xvi, xvii, 20, 46, 47, 51–  56, 58, 61, 63, 64, 68, 73–75, 77, 78,  82, 84, 92, 97–101, 104, 105, 107,  109–115, 117–120, 122, 123, 125,  133, 140, 142, 149, 151, 160, 162,  165, 167, 182, 185, 190, 191, 193,  196, 200, 201, 212, 219, 220, 221,  223, 224, 226, 231, 269, 271, 273,  276, 294, 295, 297–299, 307, 309,  317, 318, 321, 325, 344, 357, 362,  363, 364, 371, 373, 375–377, 379,  382, 383, 385, 388, 393, 397, photo  gallery

Strauss, Lewis, 180, 381

Sudoplatov, Pavel, 105, 139

Suslov, Mikhail, 266–268, 285, 287, 294, 318

symmetry, 244–247, 251–254, 300, 330, 387

Szilard, Leo, 202, 220

Tamm, Igor, x, 15, 39–43, 45, 46, 48, 50,  51, 59–66, 68, 85, 87–95, 101–103,  117, 120–122, 125–127, 129–131,  133–135, 139–141, 145, 149, 153–  159, 163, 167–169, 179, 184, 189,  190–194, 196, 197, 203–208, 217–  219, 231, 232, 235, 236, 243, 271,  282, 308, 313, 316, 318, 334–337,  342, 355, 362, 364, 365, 370–372,  374, 375, 377, 378, 380, 382–384,  391, 394, 397, photo gallery

Teller, Edward, 170, 183–188, 211–215, 229, 236, 254, 348–350, 368, 381, 382, 384–387, 394

Teller-Ulam design, 184, 185, 187

Terletsky, Yakov, 105–107, 110, 111, 121, 123, 159, 195, 198, 328, 375–377, 383, 393

thermonuclear reactions. See fusion

Third Idea (1954), 172, 175–177, 179, 184, 185, 187, 188, 202, 260, 364, 381

Thorne, Kip, 387, 388, 397

Tikhonov, Andrei, 160, 170

Timiryazev, Arkady, 28, 29, 30, 49

Timiryazev, Kliment, 8, 24, 25, 29, 30, 361

Tisza, Laszlo, 212, 384

Tolstoy, Leo, 11–14, 21, 23, 24, 76, 338, 370, 393

Truman, Harry, 87, 98, 153, 185, 220, 362, 363

Tsar Bomb, 224, 225, 226, 273, 386

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 261

Turchin, Valentin, 320, 365

Ulam, Stanislav, 184, 185, 188

United Nations, 106, 115, 220, 229, 279, 311, 323

United States, 47, 68, 77, 81, 97–99, 102, 112, 113, 115, 133, 139, 164, 167, 169, 170, 175, 181, 183, 184, 187, 188, 202, 212, 217, 219, 221–223, 227–229, 237, 241, 242, 264, 273, 282, 283, 293, 295, 326, 332, 342, 353, 354, 361, 362, 364, 367, 368, 373, 384

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 279, 310, 311

universe. See cosmology

University Physics vs. Academy Physics, 119

vacuum, 243, 256, 257, 258, 259, 312, 342, 365

Vannikov, Boris, 149, 150, 154

varitrons, 92

Vavilov, Nikolai, 75, 96–98, 144, 379

Vavilov, Sergei, x, 28, 31, 35, 36, 39, 50, 53, 59, 64, 73, 75, 79, 81, 86, 95–97, 99–101, 124, 131, 133, 135, 142–145, 160, 195, 316, 337, 361, 362, 370, 371, 374, 375, 379, 397

Velikhov, Yevgeny, 354

Vernadsky, Vladimir, 26, 27, 34, 44, 73, 74, 76–84, 104, 116, 117, 280, 361, 370–373, 376

Vernaya (nee Sakharova), Lyubov, viii, 199, 379, 363, 384, 392, photo gallery

Vikhireva, Klavdia (Klava), 94, 135, 154, 199, 200, 313, 314, 362, 365, photo gallery

Vitt, Aleksandr, 42, 65

Vlasov, Anatoly, 121, 123

Von Hippel, Frank, 385

Von Neumann, John, 186, 382

Vyshinsky, Andrei, 97, 98

Weinberg, Steven, 237, 249, 355, 386, 387, 395

Wheeler, John Archibald, 180, 241, 243, 257, 312, 381, 387, 388

Yaglom, Akiva, viii, ix, 87, 372, 386

Yerozolimsky, Boris, viii, ix, 109, 376

Yukawa, Hideki, 89, 90

Zababakhin, Evgeny, 151, 169, 266, 380

Zavenyagin, Avraamiy, 169, 173

Zeldovich, Yakov, xiii, xiv, 133–139, 141, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 166–169, 172, 174, 175, 177, 181, 183–186, 188–191, 202, 205, 210, 231, 234, 236, 239–243, 249, 254–258, 260, 262, 273, 294, 323, 329, 337, 362, 363, 380, 382, 386–388, 390, photo gallery

Zhdanov, Andrei, 101, 375

Zhebrak, Anton, 121, 122, 377

Zimin, Dmitri, ix

Znoyko, A. P., 143, 197, 198, 383